Span Interface

The Span Interface specifies a series of timed application events that have a start and end time.

A Transaction may contain zero or more Spans in an array attribute named spans. Spans in the list don't have to be ordered, they will be ordered by start / end time on the Server.

While Span attributes will be normalized on the server, a Span is most useful when it includes at least an op and description.

Attributes

Span Protocol

Below describe the transformations between an OpenTelemetry span and a Sentry Span. Related: the interface for a Sentry Span, the Relay spec for a Sentry Span and the spec for an OpenTelemetry span.

This is based on a mapping done as part of work on the OpenTelemetry Sentry Exporter.

OpenTelemetry Span	Sentry Span	Notes
trace_id	trace_id
span_id	span_id
parent_span_id	parent_span_id	If a span does not have a parent span ID, it is a root span. For a root span: If there is an active Sentry transaction, add it to the transaction If there is no active Sentry transaction, construct a new transaction from that span
name,attributes,kind	description	The span description is decided using OpenTelemetry Semantic Conventions. Generally, the OpenTelemetrynamemaps to a Sentrydescription
name,attributes,kind	op
attributes,kind,status	tags	The OpenTelemetry Span Status message and span kind are set as tags on the Sentry span.
attributes,status	status	See Span Status for more details
start_time_unix_nano	start_timestamp
end_time_unix_nano	timestamp
event		See Span Events for more details

Span Status

In OpenTelemetry, Span Status is an enum of 3 values, while Sentry's Span Status is an enum of 17 values that map to the GRPC status codes. Each of the Sentry Span Status codes also map to HTTP codes. Sentry adopted it's Span Status spec from OpenTelemetry, who used the GRPC status code spec, but later on changed to the current spec it uses today.

To map from OpenTelemetry Span Status to, you need to rely on both OpenTelemetry Span Status and Span attributes. This approach was adapted from a PR by GH user @anguisa to the OpenTelemetry Sentry Exporter.

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// OpenTelemetry span status can be Unset, Ok, Error. HTTP and Grpc codes contained in tags can make it more detailed.

// canonicalCodesHTTPMap maps some HTTP codes to Sentry's span statuses. See possible mapping in https://develop.sentry.dev/sdk/event-payloads/span/
var canonicalCodesHTTPMap = map[string]sentry.SpanStatus{
	"400": sentry.SpanStatusFailedPrecondition, // SpanStatusInvalidArgument, SpanStatusOutOfRange
	"401": sentry.SpanStatusUnauthenticated,
	"403": sentry.SpanStatusPermissionDenied,
	"404": sentry.SpanStatusNotFound,
	"409": sentry.SpanStatusAborted, // SpanStatusAlreadyExists
	"429": sentry.SpanStatusResourceExhausted,
	"499": sentry.SpanStatusCanceled,
	"500": sentry.SpanStatusInternalError, // SpanStatusDataLoss, SpanStatusUnknown
	"501": sentry.SpanStatusUnimplemented,
	"503": sentry.SpanStatusUnavailable,
	"504": sentry.SpanStatusDeadlineExceeded,
}

// canonicalCodesGrpcMap maps some GRPC codes to Sentry's span statuses. See description in grpc documentation.
var canonicalCodesGrpcMap = map[string]sentry.SpanStatus{
	"1":  sentry.SpanStatusCanceled,
	"2":  sentry.SpanStatusUnknown,
	"3":  sentry.SpanStatusInvalidArgument,
	"4":  sentry.SpanStatusDeadlineExceeded,
	"5":  sentry.SpanStatusNotFound,
	"6":  sentry.SpanStatusAlreadyExists,
	"7":  sentry.SpanStatusPermissionDenied,
	"8":  sentry.SpanStatusResourceExhausted,
	"9":  sentry.SpanStatusFailedPrecondition,
	"10": sentry.SpanStatusAborted,
	"11": sentry.SpanStatusOutOfRange,
	"12": sentry.SpanStatusUnimplemented,
	"13": sentry.SpanStatusInternalError,
	"14": sentry.SpanStatusUnavailable,
	"15": sentry.SpanStatusDataLoss,
	"16": sentry.SpanStatusUnauthenticated,
}

code := spanStatus.Code()
if code < 0 || int(code) > 2 {
    return sentry.SpanStatusUnknown, fmt.Sprintf("error code %d", code)
}
httpCode, foundHTTPCode := tags["http.status_code"]
grpcCode, foundGrpcCode := tags["rpc.grpc.status_code"]
var sentryStatus sentry.SpanStatus
switch {
case code == 1 || code == 0:
    sentryStatus = sentry.SpanStatusOK
case foundHTTPCode:
    httpStatus, foundHTTPStatus := canonicalCodesHTTPMap[httpCode]
    switch {
    case foundHTTPStatus:
        sentryStatus = httpStatus
    default:
        sentryStatus = sentry.SpanStatusUnknown
    }
case foundGrpcCode:
    grpcStatus, foundGrpcStatus := canonicalCodesGrpcMap[grpcCode]
    switch {
    case foundGrpcStatus:
        sentryStatus = grpcStatus
    default:
        sentryStatus = sentry.SpanStatusUnknown
    }
default:
    sentryStatus = sentry.SpanStatusUnknown
}
return sentryStatus

Span Events

OpenTelemetry, has the concept of Span Events. As per the spec:

An event is a human-readable message on a span that represents “something happening” during it’s lifetime

In Sentry, we have two options for how to treat span events. First, we can add them as breadcrumbs to the transaction the span belongs to. Second, we can create an artificial "point-in-time" span (a span with 0 duration), and add it to the span tree. TODO on what approach we take here.

In the special case that the span event is an exception span, where the name of the span event is exception, we also have the possibility of generating a Sentry error from an exception. In this case, we can create this exception based on the attributes of an event, which include the error message and stacktrace. This exception can also inherit all other attributes of the span event + span as tags on the event.

In the OpenTelemetry Sentry exporter, we've used this strategy to generate Sentry errors.

tags: Optional. A map or list of tags for this event. Each tag must be less than 200 characters.

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{
  "tags": {
    "ios_version": "4.0",
    "context": "production"
  }
}

trace_id:: Required. Determines which trace the Span belongs to. The value should be 16 random bytes encoded as a hex string (32 characters long).

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{
  "trace_id": "1e57b752bc6e4544bbaa246cd1d05dee"
}

op: Recommended. Short code identifying the type of operation the span is measuring.

For more details, see Sentry's conventions around span operations.

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{
  "op": "db.query"
}

description: Optional. Longer description of the span's operation, which uniquely identifies the span but is consistent across instances of the span.

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{
  "description": "SELECT * FROM users WHERE last_active < DATE_SUB(CURRENT_DATE, INTERVAL 1 YEAR)`"
}

start_timestamp: Required. A timestamp representing when the measuring started. The format is either a string as defined in RFC 3339 or a numeric (integer or float) value representing the number of seconds that have elapsed since the Unix epoch. The start_timestamp value must be less than or equal to the timestamp value, otherwise the Span is discarded as invalid.

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{
  "start_timestamp": "2011-05-02T17:41:36.242Z"
}

or:

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{
  "start_timestamp": 1304358096.242
}

timestamp: Required. A timestamp representing when the measuring finished. The format is either a string as defined in RFC 3339 or a numeric (integer or float) value representing the number of seconds that have elapsed since the Unix epoch.

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{
  "timestamp": "2011-05-02T17:41:36.955Z"
}

or:

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{
  "timestamp": 1304358096.955
}

status: Optional. Describes the status of the Span/Transaction.

State	Description	HTTP status code equivalent
`ok`	Not an error, returned on success	200 and 2XX HTTP statuses
`cancelled`	The operation was cancelled, typically by the caller	499
`unknown` or `unknown_error`	An unknown error raised by APIs that don't return enough error information	500
`invalid_argument`	The client specified an invalid argument	400
`deadline_exceeded`	The deadline expired before the operation could succeed	504
`not_found`	Content was not found or request was denied for an entire class of users	404
`already_exists`	The entity attempted to be created already exists	409
`permission_denied`	The caller doesn't have permission to execute the specified operation	403
`resource_exhausted`	The resource has been exhausted e.g. per-user quota exhausted, file system out of space	429
`failed_precondition`	The client shouldn't retry until the system state has been explicitly handled	400
`aborted`	The operation was aborted	409
`out_of_range`	The operation was attempted past the valid range e.g. seeking past the end of a file	400
`unimplemented`	The operation is not implemented or is not supported/enabled for this operation	501
`internal_error`	Some invariants expected by the underlying system have been broken. This code is reserved for serious errors	500
`unavailable`	The service is currently available e.g. as a transient condition	503
`data_loss`	Unrecoverable data loss or corruption	500
`unauthenticated`	The requester doesn't have valid authentication credentials for the operation	401

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{
  "status": "ok"
}

tags: Optional. A map or list of tags for this event. Each tag must be less than 200 characters.

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{
  "tags": {
    "ios_version": "4.0",
    "context": "production"
  }
}

data: Optional. Arbitrary data associated with this Span.

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{
  "data": {
    "url": "http://localhost:8080/sockjs-node/info?t=1588601703755",
    "status_code": 200,
    "type": "xhr",
    "method": "GET"
  }
}

Examples

The following example illustrates the Span as part of the Transaction and omits other attributes for simplicity.

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{
  "spans": [
    {
      "trace_id": "1e57b752bc6e4544bbaa246cd1d05dee",
      "span_id": "b01b9f6349558cd1",
      "parent_span_id": "b0e6f15b45c36b12",
      "op": "http",
      "description": "GET /sockjs-node/info",
      "status": "ok",
      "start_timestamp": 1588601261.481961,
      "timestamp": 1588601261.488901,
      "tags": {
        "http.status_code": "200"
      },
      "data": {
        "url": "http://localhost:8080/sockjs-node/info?t=1588601703755",
        "status_code": 200,
        "type": "xhr",
        "method": "GET"
      }
    },
    {
      "trace_id": "1e57b752bc6e4544bbaa246cd1d05dee",
      "span_id": "b980d4dec78d7344",
      "parent_span_id": "9312d0d18bf51736",
      "op": "update",
      "description": "Vue <App>",
      "start_timestamp": 1588601261.535386,
      "timestamp": 1588601261.544196
    }
  ]
}

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